Effects Of Pomegranate Peel Extract Research Articles

Inhibition Effect of Pomegranate Peel Extract and Orange Peel Extract on E.Coli Bacteria Growth from Chees

The fruits of different plant species (pomegranates and oranges) were collected from the local markets of the city of Nasiriyah and dried their crusts and attended alcoholic and aquatic extracts of these fruits and studied the effectiveness of inhibition in the growth of E.coli bacteria. A moral difference (P≤0.05) was observed between the effect of the alcoholic and watery extract of pomegranate peels compared to the effect of the alcoholic and watery extract of orange peels as well as the inhibitory effect of antibiotics. The effect of the pomegranate peel alcohol extract on E.coli bacteria was found to be more effective in inhibition if the high inhibitory concentration (30mm) followed by the hydropode extract of pomegranate peels if the inhibitory concentration (25 mm) the inhibitory concentration extracted was orange peel (18 mm) and the water extract For orange peels it was (9 mm) and if compared with the antibiotics used where it was observed that the highest efficacy of antibiotics (Gentamycin) where the diameter of inhibition (18 mm) and the least inhibition was for the antibiotic (Trimethoprim) where the diameter of inhibition (7 mm)was approximate.

Mitigating effect of pomegranate peel extract against the furan induced testicular injury by apoptosis, steroidogenic enzymes and oxidative stress

Furan is generated in a wide array of heat-treated foods through thermal degradation, leading to severe impairments in the male reproductive system. The main objective of this study was to investigate the potential of pomegranate peel extract (PGPE) in mitigating testicular dysfunctions induced by furan. Male rats were categorized into four groups: control/untreated, PGPE, furan, and PGPE + furan group. The study results revealed that furan-treated rats exhibited significantly elevated aminotransferase and phosphatase activity, and also generated increased oxidative stress, and reduced antioxidative stress protein activity. Additionally, protein content levels (ALT, AST, ALP, and ACP) and activities of steroidogenic Leydig cell hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β-HSD and 17β-HSD) enzymes were significantly decreased. Significant variations in testicular parameters, apoptotic genes (Bcl-2, P53, and Caspase3), inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL1β, IL10), male sex hormones follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), testosterone, and sperm quality were also observed. Furthermore, testicular histological abnormalities were confirmed by biochemical and molecular modifications. Notably, PGPE pre-treated furan-intoxicated animals exhibited significant improvements in most of the assessed parameters compared to furan-treated groups. In conclusion, PGPE presents essential preventive measures and a novel pharmacological potential therapy against furan-induced testicular injury.

A study of pomegranate peel extract effect on corrosion inhibition performance on aluminum in HNO3 solution

Green corrosion inhibitors have an important role in reducing the corrosion rate of metals and the effects of toxic chemicals in the environment. In this study, the inhibition effect of pomegranate peel extract (PPE) with concentration of 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5 and 3g/L on the aluminum 1050 alloy corrosion behavior in the nitric acid solution investigates using the weight loss, electrochemical techniques, scanning electron microscope (SEM), atomic force microscope (AFM), contact angle images, gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS) analysis, fourier transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and ultraviolet radiation (UV-IR). And, the (UV-IR), (GC-MS), and FTIR results confirm the presence of many organic compounds (Containing the N, S, and O atoms), which are responsible for inhibitor performance and absorption phenomena. Meanwhile, the electrochemical impedance results (EIS) indicate that the double layer capacity decreases and the corrosion resistance (Corrosion current density (icorr) from 0.128 to 0.009mA/cm2) increases with the increase of the inhibitor concentration (The inhibition efficiency increased with increasing the inhibitor concentration from % 54.29 to the % 92.58 at (1 to 3g/L). In addition, the corrosion current density decreases with the increase of the inhibitor concentration using the potentiodynamic polarization (PDP) test. However, the corrosion rate enhances with increasing the temperature. From the other hand, quantum chemical (QC) calculation and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation perform to investigate the theory of the adsorption mechanism. According to these studies, the adsorption of PPE on the aluminum 1050 alloy surface is agreement with the langmuir isotherm and as a result it is a mixed-type inhibitor. In final the SEM and AFM results show that the corrosion rate of the aluminum 1050 alloy surface is significantly reduced after the addition of the inhibitor to the corrosive environment. Furthermore, the contact angle image shows that the inhibited aluminum surface has a hydrophobic property in an aqueous solution. And, the QC calculation and MD simulation clarify well the thin layer formation due to the good adsorption of inhibitor (PPE) on the surface of aluminum 1050 alloy in the nitric acid solution, theoretically. It is concluded that PPE will inhibit the surface of aluminum against the corrosion agents in acidic environment and can use as a green inhibitor.

Assessment of the protective effects of pomegranate peel extract and N-acetyl cysteine alone or in combination with Ornipural® against Cadmium-induced bone toxicity in rat

Aim: The present study was conducted to determine the effects of pomegranate peel extract (PPE) and N-acetyl Cysteine (NAC) alone or in their treatment combinations with commercial preparation Ornipural® (ORN) on bone metabolism against experimentally cadmium (Cd)-induced toxicity in rats. Materials and Methods: Totally 36 animals were used in the study including 6 Wistar Albino rats in each group. The animals were assigned to control, Cd, Cd+PPE, Cd+NAC, Cd+PPE+ORN and Cd+NAC+ORN groups. The animals in the groups were euthanized after their blood samples were taken at the end of the 8th week. The bones were subjected to maceration for morphometric and histopathological examinations after euthanasia. Results: The statistically significant differences were determined between the treatment groups and Cd group in terms of histopathological changes (osteoporotic alterations and changes in red bone marrow) and biomarkers (Ca, P and Mg) (P<0.05). Conclusion: Although PPE, NAC and treatment combinations with ORN applied against experimentally induced cadmium toxicity were determined to have positive effects on bone metabolism, it has been thought that carrying out trials by increasing treatment duration and dose would be beneficial to determine definite efficacy of the applied treatment protocols.

Effect of Pomegranate Peel Extract on Biochemical and Microbial Changes in Labeo rohita During Chilled Storage

Effect of Pomegranate Peel Extract on Biochemical and Microbial Changes in Labeo rohita During Chilled Storage

Modulatory effect of pomegranate peel extract on key regulators of ovarian cellular processes in vitro.

In this study, response of ovarian cells (human granulosa cell line HGL5, and human adenocarcinoma cell line OVCAR-3) to short-term pomegranate peel extract (PPE) treatment (for 24 hours in cell culture) was evaluated in vitro. Quantitative and qualitative screening of polyphenols revealed punicalagins α and β as major polyphenolic components. Total phenolic content (TPC) was 93.76 mg GAE/g d.w. with a high antioxidant activity of 95.30 mg TEAC/g d.w. In OVCAR-3, PPE treatment inhibited the metabolic activity, and increased cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDKN1A, p21) level at the highest dose, but not in HGL5. Flow cytometry analysis could not detect any significant difference between proportions of live, dead, and apoptotic cells in both cell lines. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) revealed an antioxidant effect on HGL5, and a prooxidant effect by stimulating ROS generation in OVCAR-3 cells at the higher doses of PPE. However, in contrast to HGL5, PPE treatment decreased release of growth factors - TGF-β2 and EGF at the highest dose, as well as their receptors TGFBR2 and EGFR in OVCAR-3 cells. PPE also influenced steroidogenesis in granulosa cells HGL5 by stimulating 17β-estradiol secretion at higher doses. In conclusion, the present study highlighted the bioactive compounds in pomegranate peels and the possible mechanisms of action of PPE, shedding light on its promising role in ovarian cancer (chemo)prevention and/or management.

Pomegranate Peel Extract Differently Modulates Gene Expression in Gingiva-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells under Physiological and Inflammatory Conditions.

Pomegranate has shown a favorable effect on gingivitis/periodontitis, but the mechanisms involved are poorly understood. The aim of this study was to test the effect of pomegranate peel extract (PoPEx) on gingiva-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (GMSCs) under physiological and inflammatory conditions. GMSC lines from healthy (H) and periodontitis (P) gingiva (n = 3 of each) were established. The lines were treated with two non-toxic concentrations of PoPEX (low-10; high-40 µg/mL), with or without additional lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. Twenty-four genes in GMSCs involved in different functions were examined using real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). PoPEx (mostly at higher concentrations) inhibited the basal expression of IL-6, MCP-1, GRO-α, RANTES, IP-10, HIF-1α, SDF-1, and HGF but increased the expression of IL-8, TLR3, TGF-β, TGF-β/LAP ratio, IDO-1, and IGFB4 genes in H-GMSCs. PoPEx increased IL-6, RANTES, MMP3, and BMP2 but inhibited TLR2 and GRO-α gene expression in P-GMSCs. LPS upregulated genes for proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, tissue regeneration/repair (MMP3, IGFBP4, HGF), and immunomodulation (IP-10, RANTES, IDO-1, TLR3, COX-2), more strongly in P-GMSCs. PoPEx also potentiated most genes' expression in LPS-stimulated P-GMSCs, including upregulation of osteoblastic genes (RUNX2, BMP2, COL1A1, and OPG), simultaneously inhibiting cell proliferation. In conclusion, the modulatory effects of PoPEx on gene expression in GMSCs are complex and dependent on applied concentrations, GMSC type, and LPS stimulation. Generally, the effect is more pronounced in inflammation-simulating conditions.

Anti-Diabetic Effects of Pomegranate Peel Extract and L-Carnitine on Streptozotocin Induced Diabetes In Rats

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a far reaching ongoing metabolic problem portrayed by hyperglycemia and related with a few intricacies like hyperlipidemia. The current study aimed to study the anti-diabetic efficacy of pomegranate peel extract and L-carnitine on streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus in rats. A total of 70 male rats were divided into 7 groups (normal rats treated with the pomegranate peel extract and L-carnitine; rats given a high-fat diet to cause hyperlipidemia, this rats given low-dose intraperitoneal streptozotocin injections to cause type II diabetes; diabetic rats given PPE and L-carnitine orally every day for 12 weeks. Measurements of body mass, blood sugar, lipid profile and antioxidant enzyme activity were made.Results: The treatment group that received PPE + L-carnitine showed a significant decrease in weight, blood glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides and low-density lipoprotein were significantly reduced, while high-density lipoprotein levels were significantly increased. Superoxide dismutase levels were increased, catalase and Nuclear Factor Erythroid-derived 2 (Nfe2) in diabetic rats treated with PPE and L-carnitine, while Malondialdehyde levels decreased significantly. According to the results of the study, PPE and L-carnitine had significant anti-hyperglycemic, hypolipidemic, and antioxidant benefits after 12 weeks of treatment in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.

Effect of pomegranate extract (Punica granatum L.) on blood pressure and nitric oxide in gestational hypertension

Background: As a complication of pregnancy, uncontrolled hypertension will continue to be a complication that harms both mother and baby. Pomegranate peel, which contains high antioxidants, is potentially used as an antihypertensive of adjuvant pharmacological therapy. However, there has been no research on the effect of pomegranate extract in lowering blood pressure, so it is necessary to do related research.Purpose: Analyze the effect of pomegranate peel extract on blood pressure and nitric oxide levels in gestational hypertension.Methods: This is a quasi-experiment design pre-post-test with the control group. Through purposive sampling techniques, 32 respondents were divided into two groups. During 14 days, the intervention group received nifedipine 10 mg/day with 500 mg of pomegranate peel extract, while another group was only given nifedipine 10 mg/day.Results: The blood pressure of the intervention group decreased compared to the control group (p<0.05). Meanwhile, the nitric oxide level of the intervention group is increased compared to the control group (p<0.05).Conclusions: Pomegranate peel extract can reduce blood pressure and enhance nitric oxide levels in gestational hypertension.

Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) peel extract ameliorates metabolic syndrome risk factors in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a randomized double-blind clinical trial

IntroductionNon-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a metabolic syndrome (MS)-related liver disorder that has an increasing prevalence. Thus, the aim of our study is to evaluate the effects of pomegranate peel extract (PP) supplementation on hepatic status and metabolic syndrome risk factors.MethodsIn phase one, the hydro-alcoholic extraction of the peel of 750 kg of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) was performed by the soaking method. Then, in phase two, NAFLD patients received 1500 mg of placebo (n = 37) or pomegranate peel capsules (n = 39) with a 500-kcal deficit diet for 8 weeks. Gastrointestinal intolerance, dietary intake, lipid and glycemic profiles, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, body composition, insulin resistance indexes, and elastography-evaluated NAFLD changes were followed.ResultsThe mean age of participants was 43.1 ± 8.6 years (51.3% female). Following the intervention, the mean body weight (mean changes: -5.10 ± 2.30 kg), waist circumference (-7.57 ± 2.97 cm), body mass index (-1.82 ± 0.85 kg/m2), body fat index (-1.49 ± 0.86), and trunk fat (− 3.93 ± 3.07%), systolic (-0.63 ± 0.29 cmHg) and diastolic (-0.39 ± 0.19 cmHg) blood pressure, total cholesterol (-10.51 ± 0.77 mg/dl), triglyceride (-16.02 ± 1.7 mg/dl), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (-9.33 ± 6.66 mg/dl; all P < 0.001), fat free mass (− 0.92 ± 0.90 kg; P < 0.003), and fasting blood sugar (-5.28 ± 1.36 mg/dl; P = 0.02) decreased significantly in PP in contrast to the placebo group in the raw model and when adjusted for confounders. Also, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (5.10 ± 0.36 mg/dl), liver steatosis and stiffness (− 0.30 ± 0.17 and − 0.72 ± 0.35 kPa, respectively, all P < 0.001) improved in the PP group. However, fasting insulin (P = 0.81) and homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) (P = 0.93) were not significantly different when comparing two groups during the study in the raw and even adjusted models.ConclusionIn conclusion, 1500 mg pomegranate peel extract along with a weight-loss diet improved metabolic syndrome risk factors and reduced hepatic steatosis in patients with NAFLD after 8 weeks.

Pomegranate Peel Extract Attenuates Isoprenaline-Induced Takotsubo-like Myocardial Injury in Rats.

Takotsubo syndrome (TTS) is an acute heart failure syndrome characterised by catecholamine-induced oxidative tissue damage. Punica granatum, a fruit-bearing tree, is known to have high polyphenolic content and has been proven to be a potent antioxidant. This study aimed to investigate the effects of pomegranate peel extract (PoPEx) pre-treatment on isoprenaline-induced takotsubo-like myocardial injury in rats. Male Wistar rats were randomised into four groups. Animals in the PoPEx(P) and PoPEx + isoprenaline group (P + I) were pre-treated for 7 days with 100 mg/kg/day of PoPEx. On the sixth and the seventh day, TTS-like syndrome was induced in rats from the isoprenaline(I) and P + I groups by administering 85 mg/kg/day of isoprenaline. PoPEx pre-treatment led to the elevation of superoxide dismutase and catalase (p < 0.05), reduced glutathione (p < 0.001) levels, decreased the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (p < 0.001), H2O2, O2- (p < 0.05), and NO2- (p < 0.001), in the P + I group, when compared to the I group. In addition, a significant reduction in the levels of cardiac damage markers, as well as a reduction in the extent of cardiac damage, was found. In conclusion, PoPEx pre-treatment significantly attenuated the isoprenaline-induced myocardial damage, primarily via the preservation of endogenous antioxidant capacity in the rat model of takotsubo-like cardiomyopathy.

Pomegranate peel extract as a sustainable corrosion inhibitor on steel in a simulated concrete pore solution and mortar: Experimental and theoretical studies

Various techniques, such as electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, potentiodynamic polarization, linear polarization resistance, and scanning electron microscopy, were used to investigate the inhibitory effect of pomegranate peel extract (PGPE) on the corrosion of carbon steel in a simulated concrete pore solution containing 0.5 M NaCl and in mortar exposed to chlorides. The results obtained revealed that the corrosion resistance of steel, in the presence of the PGPE, was greater than that of the inhibitor-free system, validating the ability of the pomegranate peel extract to produce a protective layer on the steel surface.The optimal concentration of pomegranate peel extract found is around 500 mg/L, with an inhibition efficiency estimated at 97.39%. It is worth indicating that the adsorption of PGPE was found to follow the Langmuir isotherm model. Furthermore, using the principles of quantum chemistry, the adsorption of PGPE constituents on the surface of carbon steel was shown to occur via donor-acceptor interactions.

INVESTIGATION OF THE PROTECTIVE EFFECTS OF POMEGRANATE (Punica granatum L.) PEEL EXTRACT ON LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE-INDUCED UVEITIS IN RATS

Pomegranate peel contains bioactive ingredients such as flavonoids, ellagitannins, phenolics and proanthocyanidin compounds with high antioxidant activity. Pomegranate peel has antiapoptotic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects due to its high punicalagin content. We aimed to determine the effect of pomegranate peel extract (PPE) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced uveitis. Sixty rats were seperated randomly into twelve groups (n = 5). The healthy group received intraperitoneal normal saline, the uveitis group received 200 μg/kg LPS, the dexamethasone (DEX) group received 200 μg/kg LPS plus 1 mg/kg DEX, the PPE100, PPE300 and PPE500 groups received 200 μg/kg LPS plus 100, 300 and 500 mg/kg PPE, respectively. The eye tissues were collected at 3rd and 24th hour. and investigated molecularly (Relative quantification of gene expression), biochemically (Superoxide dismutase activity, Glutathione and Malondialdehyde levels) and histopathologically (staining with Harris Hematoxylin and Eosin Y). Tumor Necrosis Factor-α, vascular endothelial growth factor, and Caspase-3 levels markedly decreased in a dose-dependent manner in the uveitic rats following PPE administration. PPE administration significantly ameliorated uveitic disorders in oxidative stress factors including Glutathione, Superoxide dismutase and Malondialdehyde, with its effects raising in a dose-dependent manner. PPE eliminated histopathological changes in eye tissues due to uveitis. PPE can be a promising agent by contributing to alternative preventive treatment methods for uveitis with its anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, antiapoptotic and antiangiogenic effects.

Effect of Pomegranate Peel Extract (PPE) on Diethylnitrosamine (DENA) and Carbon tetrachloride (CCL4) induced hepatocellular carcinoma in Rats.

Effect of Pomegranate Peel Extract (PPE) on Diethylnitrosamine (DENA) and Carbon tetrachloride (CCL4) induced hepatocellular carcinoma in Rats.

Effects of Pomegranate Peel Extract and/or Lactic Acid as Natural Preservatives on Physicochemical, Microbiological Properties, Antioxidant Activity, and Storage Stability of Khalal Barhi Date Fruits

The use of natural preservatives in the storage of fresh fruits is a promising approach to healthier and more sustainable food processing. The current study was conducted to evaluate the effect of pomegranate peel extract (PPE) and lactic acid (LA) as natural preservatives on the shelf life of Khalal Barhi date fruits. Physicochemical properties, antioxidant activity, color parameters, texture profile, sensory characteristics, and microbiological quality of date fruits were evaluated during six weeks of cold storage (4 ± 1 °C). The bioactive compounds in PPE were determined by HPLC analysis, which showed that PPE is a rich source of bioactive compounds, particularly phenolics and flavonoids. The results exhibited decreased moisture content (from 68.36-68.43 to 62.13-63.11%) and an increased soluble solids content (from 27.16-27.24 to 31.45-33.91%) in all samples with prolonged storage. Likewise, a slight decrease in the pH (from 6.00-6.28 to 4.89-5.29) with an increase in acidity (from 0.12-0.14 to 0.23-0.27%) during storage was observed. Generally, treated samples showed lower changes in moisture content, soluble solids content, pH, and acidity than the control. A decrease in total phenolic content (TPC) (from 8.22-12.36 to 3.19-5.17 mg GAE/g) and antioxidant activity (from 44.11-68.26 to 23.84-38.52%) of all samples was observed with progressed storage, meanwhile, the treatment with PPE significantly (p < 0.05) increased TPC with a concomitant increase in antioxidant activity and maintained higher values of both throughout storage. The results exhibited a decrease in L* (from 54.87-55.92 to 41.68-45.68) and b* (from 36.25-37.09 to 23.59-25.42) values of all samples, while the a* value of all samples increased (from 1.29-1.40 to 2.22-2.43) with storage. Dipping treatment in PPE solution improved the color, exhibited the lowest change in color parameters, and maintained better texture properties during storage. Similarly, sensory properties decreased (from 8.21-8.66 to 6.71-7.21) during storage with insignificant (p > 0.05) differences among samples. Dipping treatments inhibited the growth of yeasts and molds over time, with the lowest microbial count recorded in the PPE-treated samples. It can be concluded that PPE was found to have protective effects on Khalal Barhi date fruit quality by controlling post-harvest changes and lowering the microbial load.

Pomegranate peel extract, N-Acetylcysteine and their combination with Ornipural alleviate Cadmium-induced toxicity in rats.

Cadmium is a major environmental pollutant and a highly toxic metal.It was aimed to determine the effects of pomegranate peel extract (PPE), N-acetylcysteine (NAC) alone and along with Ornipuralon cadmium-induced toxicity. Forty-six Wistar Albino male rats were divided into 6 groups and the groups were formed into healthy control, Cadmium group (5 mg/kg/day, oral), Cadmium + Pomegranate peel extract (500 mg/kg, oral), Cadmium + N-acetylcysteine (100 mg/kg, oral), Cadmium + Pomegranate peel extract (500 mg/kg, oral) + Ornipural (1 mL/kg, subcutaneous) and Cadmium + N-acetylcysteine (100 mg/kg, oral) + Ornipural (1 mL/kg, subcutaneous). Cadmium accumulated heavily in both liver and kidney tissue. The administration of N-acetylcysteine and pomegranate peel extract alone reduced cadmium levels in both tissues. N-acetylcysteine treatment prevented the increase in ALT and MDA levels by cadmium damage. N-acetylcysteine + Ornipural treatment inhibited the increase in liver 8-OHdG level in the liver. N-acetylcysteine and N-acetylcysteine + Ornipuraltreatments prevented the reduced serum MMP2 level. N-acetylcysteine and Pomegranate peel extract + Ornipural treatments significantly reduced the increased liver iNOS level in the liver. In conclusion, NAC therapy may be a successful treatment option for cadmium toxicity. However, further research is needed on the effects of PPE and Ornipural combinations for the treatment of cadmium toxicity. In future studies, various doses of these treatment options (with chelators) should be investigated for cadmium toxicity.

Effect of pomegranate peel extract on the reduction of heterocyclic amines and quality characteristics of mutton meatballs

Abstract Pomegranate peel extract (PPE), rich in phenolic compounds, is an undervalued byproduct derived from processing pomegranates. However, there are very few studies on the inhibitory effect of PPE on harmful substances during meat processing. This study was intended to investigate the influence of different concentrations of PPE (0.50%, 1%, and 1.50%) on the generation of heterocyclic amines (HCAs) and some quality attributes in mutton meatballs. All samples with the addition of PPE (0, 0.50%, 1%, and 1.50%) were fried for different lengths of time (2.5 min and 5 min) at 175±5 °C, and the contents of fourteen HCAs, color, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, and carbonyl values of fried mutton meatballs were evaluated. The results showed that samples fried at 2.5 min had a low HCA content, and the HCA content enhanced significantly when the frying time was increased from 2.5 to 5 min (P&amp;lt;0.05). In comparison with the control group, PPE could significantly inhibit the generation of total HCAs in fried mutton meatballs (P&amp;lt;0.05), and the total HCAs content decreased with increasing PPE concentration. PPE significantly reduced carbonyl and TBARS values in fried mutton meatballs (P&amp;lt;0.05). Moreover, PPE resulted in a significant increase in a* and b* values as well as a decrease in L* values in fried mutton meatballs (P&amp;lt;0.05). In conclusion, PPE could inhibit the formation of HCAs and improve the quality of mutton meatballs, and could be considered as a natural inhibitor of HCAs in fried meat products.

In-vitro and in-vivo Antimicrobial Properties of Pomegranate Peel Extract Genotypes against Bacterial Vaginosis in bovine

Drug resistance against bovine bacterial vaginosis (BV) in common treatments needs new therapeutic agents from other sources. Many plants demonstrate antimicrobial properties that could control pathogenic microorganisms. Uterus infections in bovine are associated with calving difficulty, retained placenta, and overgrowth of pathogenic microorganisms in the reproductive tract. This study examined the antibacterial effects of pomegranate peel extracts against various bacterial vaginosis in bovine. Methanolic and aqueous extracts of different pomegranate peels were prepared. An antibiogram test was performed against nine various bacterial vaginosis of bovine. Then, inhibitory concentration values were determined for pomegranate peel extracts (100, 200, and 400 mg/ml). In in-vivo observation, the greatest inhibition zone activated pink pomegranate peel extracts (8 mg/ml) prepared by methanolic extracts. The serial dilution tests indicated that the bactericidal effect of high-concentration methanolic extract was more than those of low-concentration types. Experimental treatments in in-vitro observation constituted including (treated, T) with 180 cows that encountered difficulty in birth and non-including (control, C) with 30 cows with no treatments after vaginal problems. The effect of various pomegranate peel extract (PPE) concentrations increased during the treatment days. All the treated Holstein cows with nearly 400mg/ml of PPE gel (both methanolic and aqueous extracts methods) were recovered after 4 days. The results of this study showed the PPE gel effectiveness in the pharmaceutical industry.

Pomegranate Peel Extract Reduces Diabetes-induced Collagen Turnover and Biochemical Imbalance in Rat Lung

Diabetes causes lung function disorders. However, pulmonary collagen turnover under diabetes has not been well studied. The purpose of this study was to investigate collagen turnover in lung and to evaluate protective effect of pomegranate peel extract (PPE). Diabetes model in rat was induced by alloxan (250 mg/kg, i.p.). PPE treated rats received 100 mg/kg of PPE for 30 days. PPE was characterized by Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Hydroxyproline was determined by colourimetric assay kit, total collagen using ELISA kit and by histopathological assay. Collagenases (MMP-1,-8,-13) wereanalyzed by fluorometric method. Antioxidant enzyme activities and inflammatory marker C-reactive protein (CRP) were evaluated. Diabetes decreases SOD activity and increases CRP level by 33% (p &lt; 0.05) and 125% (p &lt; 0.01), respectively, when compared to the control group. PPE abrogated diabetesinduced SOD activity and CRP level disturbance. Collagenase activity was lower in diabetes and PPE group by 38% (p &lt; 0.05) and 34% (p &lt; 0.05), respectively, when compared to control. Diabetes increased significantly collagen and hydroxyproline by 32% (p &lt; 0.05) and 192% (p &lt; 0.01), respectively, and restored at similar level than controls in PPE group. Lung histopathological assay showed distended alveoli and peribronchial inflammatory cell infiltration in diabetic group. Compared to diabetic, PPE limits inflammatory cell infiltration in lung tissue. Diabetes causes ECM imbalance and enhances inflammation in lung wall, which can be abrogated by PPE.

Attenuation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Virulence by Pomegranate Peel Extract.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen often responsible for biofilm-associated infections. The high adhesion of bacterial cells onto biotic/abiotic surfaces is followed by production of an extracellular polysaccharidic matrix and formation of a sessile community (the biofilm) by the release of specific quorum-sensing molecules, named autoinducers (AI). When the concentrations of AI reach a threshold level, they induce the expression of many virulence genes, including those involved in biofilm formation, motility, pyoverdine and pyocyanin release. P. aeruginosa embedded into biofilm becomes resistant to both conventional drugs and the host's immune response. Accordingly, biofilm-associated infections are a major clinical problem underlining the need for new antimicrobial therapies. In this study, we evaluated the effects of pomegranate peel extract (PomeGr) in vitro on P. aeruginosa growth and biofilm formation; moreover, the release of four AI was assessed. The phenolic profile of PomeGr, exposed or not to bacteria, was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS) analysis. We found that bacterial growth, biofilm production and AI release were impaired upon PomeGr treatment. In addition, the PomeGr phenolic content was also markedly hampered following incubation with bacterial cells. In particular, punicalagin, punicalin, pedunculagin, granatin, di-(HHDP-galloyl-hexoside) pentoside and their isomers were highly consumed. Overall, these results provide novel insights on the ability of PomeGr to attenuate P. aeruginosa virulence; moreover, the AI impairment and the observed consumption of specific phenolic compounds may offer new tools in designing innovative therapeutic approaches against bacterial infections.